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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Python 中更优雅的日志记录方案 loguru </h1>
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                <p>在 Python 中，一般情况下我们可能直接用自带的 logging 模块来记录日志，包括我之前的时候也是一样。在使用时我们需要配置一些 Handler、Formatter 来进行一些处理，比如把日志输出到不同的位置，或者设置一个不同的输出格式，或者设置日志分块和备份。但其实个人感觉 logging 用起来其实并不是那么好用，其实主要还是配置较为繁琐。</p>
                <h2 id="常见使用"><a href="#常见使用" class="headerlink" title="常见使用"></a>常见使用</h2>
                <p>首先看看 logging 常见的解决方案吧，我一般会配置输出到文件、控制台和 Elasticsearch。输出到控制台就仅仅是方便直接查看的；输出到文件是方便直接存储，保留所有历史记录的备份；输出到 Elasticsearch，直接将 Elasticsearch 作为存储和分析的中心，使用 Kibana 可以非常方便地分析和查看运行情况。 所以在这里我基本会对 logging 做如下的封装写法：</p>
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                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">import</span> logging</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line">from os <span class="built_in">import</span> makedirs</span><br><span class="line">from os.path <span class="built_in">import</span> dirname, exists</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">from cmreslogging.handlers <span class="built_in">import</span> CMRESHandler</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">loggers</span> = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_ENABLED</span> = True  <span class="comment"># 是否开启日志</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_TO_CONSOLE</span> = True  <span class="comment"># 是否输出到控制台</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_TO_FILE</span> = True  <span class="comment"># 是否输出到文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_TO_ES</span> = True  <span class="comment"># 是否输出到 Elasticsearch</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_PATH</span> = './runtime.log'  <span class="comment"># 日志文件路径</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_LEVEL</span> = 'DEBUG'  <span class="comment"># 日志级别</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">LOG_FORMAT</span> = '%(levelname)s - %(asctime)s - process: %(process)d - %(filename)s - %(name)s - %(lineno)d - %(module)s - %(message)s'  <span class="comment"># 每条日志输出格式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">ELASTIC_SEARCH_HOST</span> = 'eshost'  <span class="comment"># Elasticsearch Host</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">ELASTIC_SEARCH_PORT</span> = <span class="number">9200</span>  <span class="comment"># Elasticsearch Port</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">ELASTIC_SEARCH_INDEX</span> = 'runtime'  <span class="comment"># Elasticsearch Index Name</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">APP_ENVIRONMENT</span> = 'dev'  <span class="comment"># 运行环境，如测试环境还是生产环境</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def get_logger(<span class="attr">name=None):</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    get logger by name</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param name: name of logger</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return: logger</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">    global loggers</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> not name: <span class="attr">name</span> = __name__</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> loggers.get(name):</span><br><span class="line">        return loggers.get(name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">logger</span> = logging.getLogger(name)</span><br><span class="line">    logger.setLevel(LOG_LEVEL)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 输出到控制台</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> LOG_ENABLED <span class="literal">and</span> LOG_TO_CONSOLE:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">stream_handler</span> = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)</span><br><span class="line">        stream_handler.setLevel(<span class="attr">level=LOG_LEVEL)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">formatter</span> = logging.Formatter(LOG_FORMAT)</span><br><span class="line">        stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)</span><br><span class="line">        logger.addHandler(stream_handler)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 输出到文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> LOG_ENABLED <span class="literal">and</span> LOG_TO_FILE:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 如果路径不存在，创建日志文件文件夹</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">log_dir</span> = dirname(log_path)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> not exists(log_dir): makedirs(log_dir)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 添加 FileHandler</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">file_handler</span> = logging.FileHandler(log_path, <span class="attr">encoding='utf-8')</span></span><br><span class="line">        file_handler.setLevel(<span class="attr">level=LOG_LEVEL)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">formatter</span> = logging.Formatter(LOG_FORMAT)</span><br><span class="line">        file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)</span><br><span class="line">        logger.addHandler(file_handler)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 输出到 Elasticsearch</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> LOG_ENABLED <span class="literal">and</span> LOG_TO_ES:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 添加 CMRESHandler</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">es_handler</span> = CMRESHandler(<span class="attr">hosts=[&#123;'host':</span> ELASTIC_SEARCH_HOST, 'port': ELASTIC_SEARCH_PORT&#125;],</span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="comment"># 可以配置对应的认证权限</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="attr">auth_type=CMRESHandler.AuthType.NO_AUTH,</span>  </span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="attr">es_index_name=ELASTIC_SEARCH_INDEX,</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="comment"># 一个月分一个 Index</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="attr">index_name_frequency=CMRESHandler.IndexNameFrequency.MONTHLY,</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="comment"># 额外增加环境标识</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="attr">es_additional_fields=&#123;'environment':</span> APP_ENVIRONMENT&#125;  </span><br><span class="line">                                  )</span><br><span class="line">        es_handler.setLevel(<span class="attr">level=LOG_LEVEL)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">formatter</span> = logging.Formatter(LOG_FORMAT)</span><br><span class="line">        es_handler.setFormatter(formatter)</span><br><span class="line">        logger.addHandler(es_handler)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 保存到全局 loggers</span></span><br><span class="line">    loggers[name] = logger</span><br><span class="line">    return logger</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>定义完了怎么使用呢？只需要使用定义的方法获取一个 logger，然后 log 对应的内容即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight gcode">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger = get_logger<span class="comment">()</span></span><br><span class="line">logger.debug<span class="comment">('this is a message')</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">DEBUG - <span class="number">2019</span><span class="number">-10</span><span class="number">-11</span> <span class="number">22</span>:<span class="number">27</span>:<span class="number">35</span>,<span class="number">923</span> - process: <span class="number">99490</span> - logger.py - __main__ - <span class="number">81</span> - logger - <span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> a message</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们看看这个定义的基本实现吧。首先这里一些常量是用来定义 logging 模块的一些基本属性的，比如 <code>LOG_ENABLED</code> 代表是否开启日志功能，<code>LOG_TO_ES</code> 代表是否将日志输出到 Elasticsearch，另外还有很多其他的日志基本配置，如 <code>LOG_FORMAT</code> 配置了日志每个条目输出的基本格式，另外还有一些连接的必要信息。这些变量可以和运行时的命令行或环境变量对接起来，可以方便地实现一些开关和配置的更换。 然后定义了这么一个 get_logger 方法，接收一个参数 name。首先该方法拿到 name 之后，会到全局的 loggers 变量里面查找，loggers 变量是一个全局字典，如果有已经声明过的 logger，直接将其获取返回即可，不用再将其二次初始化。如果 loggers 里面没有找到 name 对应的 logger，那就进行创建即可。创建 logger 之后，可以为其添加各种对应的 Handler，如输出到控制台就用 StreamHandler，输出到文件就用 FileHandler 或 RotatingFileHandler，输出到 Elasticsearch 就用 CMRESHandler，分别配置好对应的信息即可。 最后呢，将新建的 logger 保存到全局的 loggers 里面并返回即可，这样如果有同名的 logger 便可以直接查找 loggers 直接返回了。 在这里依赖了额外的输出到 Elasticsearch 的包，叫做 CMRESHandler，它可以支持将日志输出到 Elasticsearch 里面，如果要使用的话可以安装一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip <span class="keyword">install</span> CMRESHandler</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>其 GitHub 地址是：<a href="https://github.com/cmanaha/python-elasticsearch-logger，具体的使用方式可以看看它的官方说明，如配置认证信息，配置" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/cmanaha/python-elasticsearch-logger，具体的使用方式可以看看它的官方说明，如配置认证信息，配置</a> Index 分隔信息等等。 好，上面就是我之前常用的 logging 配置，通过如上的配置，我就可以实现将 logging 输出到三个位置，并可以实现对应的效果。比如输出到 Elasticsearch 之后，我就可以非常方便地使用 Kibana 来查看当前运行情况，ERROR Log 的比例等等，如图所示： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-13-143457.png" alt=""> 也可以在它的基础上做更进一步的统计分析。</p>
                <h2 id="loguru"><a href="#loguru" class="headerlink" title="loguru"></a>loguru</h2>
                <p>上面的实现方式已经是一个较为可行的配置方案了。然而，我还是会感觉到有些 Handler 配起来麻烦，尤其是新建一个项目的很多时候懒得去写一些配置。即使是不用上文的配置，用最基本的几行 logging 配置，像如下的通用配置：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import logging</span><br><span class="line">logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = <span class="string">'%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我也懒得去写，感觉并不是一个优雅的实现方式。 有需求就有动力啊，这不，就有人实现了这么一个库，叫做 loguru，可以将 log 的配置和使用更加简单和方便。 下面我们来看看它到底是怎么用的吧。</p>
                <h2 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h2>
                <p>首先，这个库的安装方式很简单，就用基本的 pip 安装即可，Python 3 版本的安装如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> loguru</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>安装完毕之后，我们就可以在项目里使用这个 loguru 库了。</p>
                <h2 id="基本使用"><a href="#基本使用" class="headerlink" title="基本使用"></a>基本使用</h2>
                <p>那么这个库怎么来用呢？我们先用一个实例感受下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight moonscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> loguru <span class="keyword">import</span> logger</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">logger.<span class="built_in">debug</span>(<span class="string">'this is a debug message'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>看到了吧，不需要配置什么东西，直接引入一个 logger，然后调用其 debug 方法即可。 在 loguru 里面有且仅有一个主要对象，那就是 logger，loguru 里面有且仅有一个 logger，而且它已经被提前配置了一些基础信息，比如比较友好的格式化、文本颜色信息等等。 上面的代码运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">2019</span><span class="number">-10</span><span class="number">-13</span> <span class="number">22</span>:<span class="number">46</span>:<span class="number">12.367</span> | DEBUG    | __main__:&lt;module&gt;:<span class="number">4</span> - <span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> a debug message</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到其默认的输出格式是上面的内容，有时间、级别、模块名、行号以及日志信息，不需要手动创建 logger，直接使用即可，另外其输出还是彩色的，看起来会更加友好。 以上的日志信息是直接输出到控制台的，并没有输出到其他的地方，如果想要输出到其他的位置，比如存为文件，我们只需要使用一行代码声明即可。 例如将结果同时输出到一个 runtime.log 文件里面，可以这么写：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> loguru import logger</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime.log'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">debug</span>(<span class="string">'this is a debug'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>很简单吧，我们也不需要再声明一个 FileHandler 了，就一行 add 语句搞定，运行之后会发现目录下 runtime.log 里面同样出现了刚刚控制台输出的 DEBUG 信息。 上面就是一些基本的使用，但这还远远不够，下面我们来详细了解下它的一些功能模块。</p>
                <h2 id="详细使用"><a href="#详细使用" class="headerlink" title="详细使用"></a>详细使用</h2>
                <p>既然是日志，那么最常见的就是输出到文件了。loguru 对输出到文件的配置有非常强大的支持，比如支持输出到多个文件，分级别分别输出，过大创建新文件，过久自动删除等等。 下面我们分别看看这些怎样来实现，这里基本上就是 add 方法的使用介绍。因为这个 add 方法就相当于给 logger 添加了一个 Handler，它给我们暴露了许多参数来实现 Handler 的配置，下面我们来详细介绍下。 首先看看它的方法定义吧：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">def <span class="builtin-name">add</span>(</span><br><span class="line">        self,</span><br><span class="line">        sink,</span><br><span class="line">        *,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">level</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_LEVEL,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">format</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_FORMAT,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">filter</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_FILTER,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">colorize</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_COLORIZE,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">serialize</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_SERIALIZE,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">backtrace</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_BACKTRACE,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">diagnose</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_DIAGNOSE,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">enqueue</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_ENQUEUE,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attribute">catch</span>=_defaults.LOGURU_CATCH,</span><br><span class="line">        **kwargs</span><br><span class="line">    ):</span><br><span class="line">    pass</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>看看它的源代码，它支持这么多的参数，如 level、format、filter、color 等等，另外我们还注意到它有个非常重要的参数 sink，我们看看官方文档：<a href="https://loguru.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/logger.html#sink，可以了解到通过" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://loguru.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/logger.html#sink，可以了解到通过</a> sink 我们可以传入多种不同的数据结构，汇总如下：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>sink 可以传入一个 file 对象，例如 <code>sys.stderr</code> 或者 <code>open(&#39;file.log&#39;, &#39;w&#39;)</code> 都可以。</li>
                  <li>sink 可以直接传入一个 <code>str</code> 字符串或者 <code>pathlib.Path</code> 对象，其实就是代表文件路径的，如果识别到是这种类型，它会自动创建对应路径的日志文件并将日志输出进去。</li>
                  <li>sink 可以是一个方法，可以自行定义输出实现。</li>
                  <li>sink 可以是一个 logging 模块的 Handler，比如 FileHandler、StreamHandler 等等，或者上文中我们提到的 CMRESHandler 照样也是可以的，这样就可以实现自定义 Handler 的配置。</li>
                  <li>sink 还可以是一个自定义的类，具体的实现规范可以参见官方文档。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>所以说，刚才我们所演示的输出到文件，仅仅给它传了一个 str 字符串路径，他就给我们创建了一个日志文件，就是这个原理。</p>
                <h3 id="基本参数"><a href="#基本参数" class="headerlink" title="基本参数"></a>基本参数</h3>
                <p>下面我们再了解下它的其他参数，例如 format、filter、level 等等。 其实它们的概念和格式和 logging 模块都是基本一样的了，例如这里使用 format、filter、level 来规定输出的格式：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">format</span>=<span class="string">"&#123;time&#125; &#123;level&#125; &#123;message&#125;"</span>, <span class="attribute">filter</span>=<span class="string">"my_module"</span>, <span class="attribute">level</span>=<span class="string">"INFO"</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="删除-sink"><a href="#删除-sink" class="headerlink" title="删除 sink"></a>删除 sink</h3>
                <p>另外添加 sink 之后我们也可以对其进行删除，相当于重新刷新并写入新的内容。 删除的时候根据刚刚 add 方法返回的 id 进行删除即可，看下面的例子：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> loguru import logger</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">trace = logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime.log'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">debug</span>(<span class="string">'this is a debug message'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">remove</span>(trace)</span><br><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">debug</span>(<span class="string">'this is another debug message'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>看这里，我们首先 add 了一个 sink，然后获取它的返回值，赋值为 trace。随后输出了一条日志，然后将 trace 变量传给 remove 方法，再次输出一条日志，看看结果是怎样的。 控制台输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">2019</span><span class="number">-10</span><span class="number">-13</span> <span class="number">23</span>:<span class="number">18</span>:<span class="number">26.469</span> | DEBUG    | __main__:&lt;module&gt;:<span class="number">4</span> - <span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> a debug message</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2019</span><span class="number">-10</span><span class="number">-13</span> <span class="number">23</span>:<span class="number">18</span>:<span class="number">26.469</span> | DEBUG    | __main__:&lt;module&gt;:<span class="number">6</span> - <span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> another debug message</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>日志文件 runtime.log 内容如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">2019</span><span class="number">-10</span><span class="number">-13</span> <span class="number">23</span>:<span class="number">18</span>:<span class="number">26.469</span> | DEBUG    | __main__:&lt;module&gt;:<span class="number">4</span> - <span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> a debug message</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现，在调用 remove 方法之后，确实将历史 log 删除了。但实际上这并不是删除，只不过是将 sink 对象移除之后，在这之前的内容不会再输出到日志中。 这样我们就可以实现日志的刷新重新写入操作。</p>
                <h3 id="rotation-配置"><a href="#rotation-配置" class="headerlink" title="rotation 配置"></a>rotation 配置</h3>
                <p>用了 loguru 我们还可以非常方便地使用 rotation 配置，比如我们想一天输出一个日志文件，或者文件太大了自动分隔日志文件，我们可以直接使用 add 方法的 rotation 参数进行配置。 我们看看下面的例子：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime_&#123;time&#125;.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">rotation</span>=<span class="string">"500 MB"</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>通过这样的配置我们就可以实现每 500MB 存储一个文件，每个 log 文件过大就会新创建一个 log 文件。我们在配置 log 名字时加上了一个 time 占位符，这样在生成时可以自动将时间替换进去，生成一个文件名包含时间的 log 文件。 另外我们也可以使用 rotation 参数实现定时创建 log 文件，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime_&#123;time&#125;.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">rotation</span>=<span class="string">'00:00'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样就可以实现每天 0 点新创建一个 log 文件输出了。 另外我们也可以配置 log 文件的循环时间，比如每隔一周创建一个 log 文件，写法如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime_&#123;time&#125;.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">rotation</span>=<span class="string">'1 week'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样我们就可以实现一周创建一个 log 文件了。</p>
                <h3 id="retention-配置"><a href="#retention-配置" class="headerlink" title="retention 配置"></a>retention 配置</h3>
                <p>很多情况下，一些非常久远的 log 对我们来说并没有什么用处了，它白白占据了一些存储空间，不清除掉就会非常浪费。retention 这个参数可以配置日志的最长保留时间。 比如我们想要设置日志文件最长保留 10 天，可以这么来配置：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">retention</span>=<span class="string">'10 days'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样 log 文件里面就会保留最新 10 天的 log，妈妈再也不用担心 log 沉积的问题啦。</p>
                <h3 id="compression-配置"><a href="#compression-配置" class="headerlink" title="compression 配置"></a>compression 配置</h3>
                <p>loguru 还可以配置文件的压缩格式，比如使用 zip 文件格式保存，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">add</span>(<span class="string">'runtime.log'</span>, <span class="attribute">compression</span>=<span class="string">'zip'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样可以更加节省存储空间。</p>
                <h3 id="字符串格式化"><a href="#字符串格式化" class="headerlink" title="字符串格式化"></a>字符串格式化</h3>
                <p>loguru 在输出 log 的时候还提供了非常友好的字符串格式化功能，像这样：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">logger.<span class="builtin-name">info</span>(<span class="string">'If you are using Python &#123;&#125;, prefer &#123;feature&#125; of course!'</span>, 3.6, <span class="attribute">feature</span>=<span class="string">'f-strings'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样在添加参数就非常方便了。</p>
                <h3 id="Traceback-记录"><a href="#Traceback-记录" class="headerlink" title="Traceback 记录"></a>Traceback 记录</h3>
                <p>在很多情况下，如果遇到运行错误，而我们在打印输出 log 的时候万一不小心没有配置好 Traceback 的输出，很有可能我们就没法追踪错误所在了。 但用了 loguru 之后，我们用它提供的装饰器就可以直接进行 Traceback 的记录，类似这样的配置即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">@logger.catch</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">my_function</span><span class="params">(x, y, z)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># An error? It's caught anyway!</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span> / (x + y + z)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们做个测试，我们在调用时三个参数都传入 0，直接引发除以 0 的错误，看看会出现什么情况：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">my_function(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行完毕之后，可以发现 log 里面就出现了 Traceback 信息，而且给我们输出了当时的变量值，真的是不能再赞了！结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="string">\&gt;</span> <span class="string">File</span> <span class="string">"run.py"</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="string">line</span> <span class="number">15</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="string">in</span> <span class="string">&lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">my_function(0,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="string">)</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">└</span> <span class="string">&lt;function</span> <span class="string">my_function</span> <span class="string">at</span> <span class="number">0x1171dd510</span><span class="string">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">File</span> <span class="string">"/private/var/py/logurutest/demo5.py"</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="string">line</span> <span class="number">13</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="string">in</span> <span class="string">my_function</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">return</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="string">/</span> <span class="string">(x</span> <span class="string">+</span> <span class="string">y</span> <span class="string">+</span> <span class="string">z)</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">│</span>   <span class="string">│</span>   <span class="string">└</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">│</span>   <span class="string">└</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">└</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">ZeroDivisionError:</span> <span class="string">division</span> <span class="string">by</span> <span class="string">zero</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>因此，用 loguru 可以非常方便地实现日志追踪，debug 效率可能要高上十倍了？ 另外 loguru 还有很多很多强大的功能，这里就不再一一展开讲解了，更多的内容大家可以看看 loguru 的官方文档详细了解一下：<a href="https://loguru.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://loguru.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html</a>。 看完之后，是时候把自己的 logging 模块替换成 loguru 啦！</p>
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